The first three are the primary methods by which emulsions are destabilized, though all four processes may occur simultaneously and in any order 1, 2. The process by which an emulsion coalesces (completely breaks i.e., the system separates into bulk oil and water phases), is generally considered to be governed by four different droplet loss mechanisms: Brownian flocculation, creaming, sedimentation flocculation, and disproportionation, shown schematically in Figure 1. However, as emulsions are inherently thermodynamically unstable, understanding the theoretical factors influencing emulsion stability is critical to the emulsion formulator. Emulsions may also be used to deliver multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of differing solubility, present an API in a format that improves the distribution and/or permeation on application, or improve patient compliance for aesthetic reasons. Topical emulsions of both the oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) types are commonly used to improve properties such as aesthetics and ease of application, among others. Implantable Drug Delivery Systems and Combination Products Dosage FormsĮmulsions encompass a vast number of everyday materials and products, including foodstuffs, personal care items, and pharmaceuticals.Solubility & Bioavailability Enhancement.
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